Background: Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS) represent two distinct metabolic derangements manifested by insulin deficiency and severe hyperglycemia. with estimated mortality rates of 2. 5-9%. In patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) controlled by diet or oral agents. https://megavitamines.shop/product-category/astaxanthin/